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- $Unique_ID{BRK03681}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Dyslexia}
- $Subject{Dyslexia Congenital Word Blindness Primary Reading Disability
- Specific Reading Disability Developmental Reading Disorder}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986 National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc.
-
- 207:
- Dyslexia
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Dyslexia) is not the name
- you expected. Please check the SYNONYMS listing to find the alternate names
- and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Congenital Word Blindness
- Primary Reading Disability
- Specific Reading Disability
- Developmental Reading Disorder
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section of this report.
-
-
- Dyslexia is a condition in which an individual with normal vision is
- unable to interpret written language, and therefore is unable to read. Onset
- is during childhood, and males are affected most often.
-
- Symptoms
-
- The primary characteristic of Dyslexia is confusion in the orientation of
- letters. This is manifested by reading from right to left, failure to see
- (and sometimes to hear) similarities or differences in letters or words, or
- inability to work out the pronunciation of unfamiliar words. Attempts to
- read or write are often characterized by letter and word reversal (e.g., "p"
- for "g", "saw" for "was"). This condition is typical of normal first- and
- second-graders, but it persists in the dyslexic child or adult.
- Educationally, the term Dyslexia is usually applied when a child, usually of
- average or above average intelligence, is two or more years behind his
- expected grade level in reading. However, underachievers who are less than
- two years behind reading level may also be affected.
-
- The inability to read is inconsistent with achievement in other school
- subjects such as arithmetic. Spelling ability may or may not be impaired.
- The child may not be able to determine left from right. Abnormalities of the
- senses and obvious neurological impairments are usually absent. The child
- may be left-handed, right-handed, or able to use both hands with equal skill
- (ambidextrous). A better than normal facility at mirror-reading or writing
- is common. In some dyslexic children, images seem to blur at a relatively
- low speed.
-
- In attempting to satisfy demands that he read, a dyslexic child may make
- up a story if the text contains a picture or may substitute words for those
- he cannot read. He may not be able to vocalize words, i.e., to read aloud.
-
- Symptoms of frustration are inevitable. The reading disability and its
- effects on learning and school performance may lead to behavior problems,
- delinquency, aggression, withdrawal, or alienation from other children,
- parents, and teachers. Early diagnosis from ophthalmic, auditory,
- psychological, and neurological examinations is important so the defect can
- be treated before a pattern of frustration and failure is established.
-
- Causes
-
- The cause of Dyslexia is unknown, but a central nervous system defect in the
- ability to organize graphic symbols has been suggested. One type of Dyslexia
- may be caused by a defect in the dorsal part of the brain (cerebellum).
- Dyslexia is often inherited, so other family members also may be affected.
-
- Dyslexia can also result from injury to the language centers in the grey
- surface of the brain (cerebral cortex), (e.g., head injury).
-
- Affected Population
-
- Onset of Dyslexia occurs during childhood, and lasts throughout life.
- However, compensatory strategies can often decrease the impact of this
- disorder in adulthood.
-
- Dyslexia affects males more frequently than females. While a family
- history of language disorders is common, Dyslexia can sometimes occur during
- adulthood as a result of injury to the language centers in the cerebral
- cortex.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Alexia is a similar defect in the ability to interpret written language, and
- the subsequent inability to read. This disorder develops later in life as
- the result of a neurological lesion.
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Treatment of Dyslexia is by remedial education since there is no medical way
- to correct perceptual deficits at the present time. Psychological test
- results help to identify the child's areas of strengths and weaknesses so
- that a suitable teaching program can be designed. Remedial steps are aimed
- at using the child's abilities and unimpaired capabilities to compensate for
- visual symbol deficits. Special education services at school are often
- necessary to assure that the child can reach his/her potential.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through April
- 1989. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Dyslexia, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- Orton Dyslexia Society
- 724 York Road
- Baltimore, MD 21204
- (301) 296-0232
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
-
- Association for Children and Adults with Learning Disabilities
- 4156 Library Road
- Pittsburgh, PA 15234
- (412) 341-1515
-
- National Network of Learning Disabled Adults, Inc.
- P.O. Box Z, E.T. Station
- Commerce, TX 75428
- (214) 886-5937
-
- HEATH Resource Center (Higher Education and the Handicapped)
- One Dupont Circle, NW
- Washington, DC 20036
- (800) 544-3284
-
- For information on genetics and genetic counseling referrals, please
- contact:
-
- March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation
- 1275 Mamaroneck Avenue
- White Plains, NY 10605
- (914) 428-7100
-
- Alliance of Genetic Support Groups
- 35 Wisconsin Circle, Suite 440
- Chevy Chase, MD 20815
- (800) 336-GENE
- (301) 652-5553
-
- References
-
- MENDELIAN INHERITANCE IN MAN, 8th ed.: Victor A. McKusick; Johns Hopkins
- University Press, 1986. P. 211.
-
- THE MERCK MANUAL 15th ed: R. Berkow, et al: eds; Merck, Sharp & Dohme
- Research Laboratories, 1987. Pp. 1975, 1980.
-
-